Assisted gene flow is often implemented by plant translocations. The purpose of plant translocations is to restore viable populations of species that are to the bridge of extinction in the short or medium term, especially when habitat restoration and management are insufficient to recover large and viable populations. However, implementation of plant translocations can still remain challenging, with uncertain translocation outcomes. Besides, given the urgency of preventing immediate species extinction as a result of habitat fragmentation and degradation, most translocations involve source populations that are selected for current habitat conditions. However, attention is increasingly paid to restore genetic diversity and to increase plant fitness to guarantee population evolutionary potential in the long term. Many unknowns still remain about the practical implementation of translocations which takes climate-change adaptation into account. Assessing the effectiveness of plant translocations under current ecological conditions and management practices can certainly provide guidelines for future implementation of assisted gene flow aiming to improve adaptation to climate change. For this purpose, a precise monitoring has to be conducted, to understand the reasons of translocation success or failure. In particular, genetic monitoring combining molecular markers and fitness-related quantitative traits can contribute to identify post-translocation processes associated with translocation success (or failure) that are not assessed by demographic monitoring, such as mating processes, the relative contribution of clonality and sexual reproduction to population expansion, pollen and seed dispersal patterns, and how translocated populations can enhance connectivity by gene flow for the extant populations. It can also contribute to a finer assessment of inbreeding and of selective or rescue processes, which may have long-term consequences for population dynamics and viability. This can provide information for proposing adaptation-oriented management of the populations. The present talk will illustrate through practical studies the interest of short-term to long-term genetic monitoring for evaluating translocation outcomes.