Plant translocation is a useful tool for implementing assisted gene flow in recovery plans of critically endangered plant species. Although it helps to restore genetically viable populations, it is not devoid of genetic risks, such as poor adaptation of transplants and outbreeding depression in the hybrid progeny, which may have negative consequences in terms of demographic growth and plant fitness. Hence, a follow‐up genetic monitoring should evaluate whether the translocated populations are genetically viable and self‐sustaining in the short and long term. We also need to identify the causes of failure to adjust management responses. Here we show how molecular markers and fitness‐related quantitative traits can evaluate the following: (1) genetic diversity enhancement; (2) increased plant fitness; (3) long‐term trends. The proposed guidelines, illustrated with studies from the literature, will help the practitioners to find the appropriate genetic survey methods, so that management practices can better integrate evolutionary processes.
Article impact statement: Genetic monitoring evaluates the success of plant translocations to restore genetic diversity and plant fitness in endangered populations.