Globally, forest conservation has become an important subject. Issues such as habitat fragmentation, sustainable harvesting and biodiversity loss are not only discussed theoretically by ecologists and conservationists, but also practically by politicians and policy makers. Owing to the financial and social costs of conservation policy, conservationists are increasingly asked for the evidence for their opinions. This demands having reliable, repeatable, cost-effective and comparable techniques. This manual of forest ecology includes both basic monitoring and descriptive techniques for trees, their habitats and their landscapes, but also more sophisticated techniques such as modelling. Each technique is described, critiqued and supported by a wealth of citations. Newton lays out each method sequentially and with clarity so that one can select the method that is most appropriate for the investigation