Hunting for meat and profit threatens a very large number of primate species. This chapter presents evidence of the extent of hunting of wild animals, and primates in particular, across the tropical areas of the globe. We review studies investigating whether estimated extraction rates of mammal species across the tropics exceed the production levels for these taxa. In particular, data on primate extraction levels in Latin America, Africa, and Asia are presented, along with an assessment of their sustainability. We subsequently review the impact of hunting on game mammals in general, and primates in particular, and the implications of the possible local and global extirpation of primates on ecosystems. Finally, ways to mitigate primate hunting are reviewed.