A flora treatment for the Pedaliaceae occurring in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Burundi is provided. The family is represented by the genera Ceratotheca (2 species) and Sesamum (6 species). User-friendly keys to all taxa are included. The close resemblance of Sesamum angustifolium and Sesamum calycinum is indicated, although these two species have long been treated as distinct in tropical African floras. Pedaliaceae species are commonly found in grassland and open woodland, along roadsides, and in abandoned cultivation. All species come with a full description, most important synonyms, data on their distribution, habitat, vernacular names and uses, as well as references to additional literature and the citation of representative herbarium specimens.