A floristic treatment for the Eriocaulaceae occurring within the region covered by the Flore d’Afrique centrale (Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Burundi) is given. Four genera and 56 species are documented, with a comparatively high number of them being endemic to the Flora-region (14 species and one subspecies). Eriocaulaceae thrive in humid environments including depressions in rocky outcrops and colonize lowland to submontane or montane habitats. All genera and species come with a morphological description, synonyms, type information, distributional data, information on habitat and conservation, vernacular names, as well as additional bibliography, taxonomic notes and the citation of representative herbarium specimens. Keys to the genera and species are included and identification is further supported by no less than 50 botanical drawings.